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Africa is a continent of many contrasts. In northern Africa, the Sahara desert extends from the Atlantic coast to the Red Sea. It is made up of sandy , plateaus and mountain peaks rising from them. In some places underground water comes to the surface and creates . The Nile is the only river that flows through the Sahara desert. It begins near the and winds its way through many climate zones before it flows into the Mediterranean Sea.

The Sahel Zone, a with short grass and bushes, extends across the continent to the south of the Sahara. are very common because of the irregular rainfall that the area gets.

Eastern Africa is a region with high mountains, plateaus and deep . The Great Rift Valley is the border between two geologic that make up Africa. Some of the volcanoes are still active and recent show that this part of Africa is, geologically, still alive. Many lakes , including Lake Victoria, lie in this region.

The Congo River makes up most of central Africa. Almost half of Africa’s plants and live in the rainforest north and south of the equator.

Towards the south, rainfall gets less and turns the continent into and deserts. The Namib desert, along the Atlantic coastline, is one of the driest in the world. Gigantic sand are up to 30 km long and can reach a height of 300 metres.

South Africa is made up of old plateaus and . Peaks in this region reach a height of 3,500 metres. Table Mountain, which overlooks Cape Town, is one of the most famous of South Africa.


Because of its straight Africa has very few islands . The largest, Madagascar, was originally a part of India. It broke away from Asia and formed its own plant and animal life. Mauritius and the Seychelles, islands in the Indian Oceans, are well-known tourist .