The dead pope’s body is embalmed and shown to the people in St. Peter’s Basilica. Four to six days after death, the funeral takes place. The pope is buried next to others in a crypt under the main altar of the cathedral.

A camerlengo pronounces the death of a pope
Image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave#/media/File:Cardinal_Camerlengo_certifying_a_papal_death.JPG,
Public Domain

Only 120 out of 194 cardinals are allowed to vote. Cardinals older than 80 are not allowed to take part in the conclave. In order to elect a new pope a two-thirds majority of the cardinals is needed. Four ballots are held every day—two in the morning and two in the afternoon. If three days pass without a result the cardinals rest for one day. If , after a few days, no pope is elected by a two-thirds majority, the cardinals agree to continue the vote with a simple majority.

College of Cardinals at the funeral of Pope John Paul II
Image: blues_brother, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons/

The ballots are burned after every second vote. If no pope is elected black smoke comes out of the chimney of the Sistine Chapel. This tells the people waiting outside that the cardinals have not agreed on choosing a pope. When a pope is elected, white smoke signals are released. When one candidate receives enough votes by the cardinals he is asked if he accepts the election. He must also choose a name by which he wants to be called.

After an election the oldest cardinal of the conclave steps to the balcony above St. Peter’s Square and announces “Habemus Papam” which means “We have a new pope”. The new pope then steps out on the balcony and waves to the thousands of Catholics waiting at St. Peter’s Square. He then gives his first blessing to Rome and to the world .

Pope Francis appears to the crowd in St.Peter’s Square
Image: Tenan, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

The newly elected pope remains the head of the church for his whole life. He can retire before he dies but very few popes have done this before.In 2013, Benedict XVI announced that he was not healthy enough to continue his papacy and stepped down as leader of the Roman Catholic Church. Shortly afterwards, Jorge Mario Bergoglio from Argentina became Pope Francis .

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A mosque is a place where Muslims worship and pray to God. Some mosques are also places where Muslims get together and discuss things or where religious education takes place. In some countries mosques also serve political purposes and Imams discuss political issues.

Mosques date back to the seventh century when they first emerged on the Arabian Peninsula. For centuries towns formed around this central building. Mosques have different sizes and shapes depending on which part of the world they are in. The most famous mosques are in Turkey and the Middle East. The best examples are the Blue Mosque in Istanbul, The Grand Mosque of Mecca or the Prophet’s Mosque in Medina.

The Blue Mosque in Istanbul
Rev Stan, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons

History of Mosques

The model for building mosques was Muhammad’s house in Medina, constructed in the 7th century. After his death, mosques became important symbols of Islam. During the Middle Ages they were built wherever Arabs settled.

They spread quickly throughout northern Africa and southern Europe, as far as Spain. By the 15th century Islam had spread to Asia, where it became the dominant religion on the Indonesian islands of Java and Sumatra. During the Ottoman Empire Turks converted to Islam and many great mosques were built in Istanbul and other cities. With the Muslim population spreading to the Balkans mosques have become widespread in many cities and towns in Greece, Albania, Serbia and Bosnia.

The Prophet’s Mosque in Medina
Muhammad Mahdi Karim (GFDL 1.2 or FAL), via Wikimedia Commons

Parts of a Mosque

Arab mosques usually have a square or rectangular layout with a courtyard in the middle. The first mosques had flat roofs on top of the prayer halls. Later on Islamic architecture focused on domes and arched entrances. The Ottomans introduced mosques with a central dome over the prayer hall in the 15th century.

A common feature of many mosques is a minaret, a tall thin tower that is usually located at one of the corners. They were designed to make mosques as big as Christian churches, with their bell towers. From the minaret a muezzin announces praying time to worshipers.

The prayer hall normally does not have any benches or chairs. Worshipers pray in rows facing Mecca. There are no statues or pictures on the walls. Some mosques show verses of the Koran on the walls to assist worshipers. Many prayer halls have columns that uphold the roof. Every mosque has a mihrab, a niche in the wall that points to Mecca. From a pulpit, or minbar, the religious leader of the mosque, the imam, delivers his speech.

In the course of time mosques became bigger and attained other functions. Today there are rooms for social gatherings, health clinics, libraries or gymnasiums.

Prayer hall of the Al-Aqsa mosque in Jerusalem with worshipers facing the mihrab
Aseel zm, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Religious Functions

A mosque is basically a house of prayer but during history it has acquired many other religious functions. Adult Muslims must pray five times a day. While normal prayers can be said anywhere, Muslim men should pray in mosques on Fridays.

During the holy month of Ramadan other events take place in mosques. Some mosques offer dinners after sunset or breakfast before sunrise. During the last days of Ramadan some mosques hold all night prayers. Since Muslims are required to give money to charity they often donate it at mosques.

Political Influence of Mosques

In the course of the 20th century mosques have served political purposes. As conflicts between western society and the Muslim world rose, mosques were used to preach peace and understanding among religions.

Mosques are often the center of social conflicts. In the past decades series of bombs have exploded in mosques all over the world. Al Qaeda and other terrorist organizations have repeatedly used mosques as a place to recruit and train radical Muslims.

In the 1960s, Saudi Arabia started financing the construction of mosques around the world in an attempt to spread Islam. With petrodollars that the country has received in the last decades Saudis can afford sharing their wealth with others, especially poor Muslims.

Rules and How To Behave in a Mosque

There are many rules that worshipers must obey when they are in a mosque. In most mosques, a religious leader, called imam, is in charge of praying, but in smaller mosques prayers may be said by ordinary Muslims.

Muslims must clean themselves before they enter a mosque. There are washing areas where they can wash their hands and face before entering the prayer hall. The floors of such a hall are normally covered with a carpet. It is not allowed to step on it with shoes.

Loud talking in a mosque is forbidden. It is also disrespectful to walk in front of Muslims who are praying.

Traditionally men and women are separated in mosques, although the Quran does not say anything about separation. Sometimes the women pray in rows behind the men, but more often they stay at home and pray.

Most mosques in bigger cities are open to tourists, but they too must obey the strict rules. You must wear clothes that do not offend Allah. Women are required to wear clothes that cover their body to their ankles and wrist. In some areas mosques are only open to Muslims.

Prayer hall in Hong Kong
Chongkian, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

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How to Visit a Mosque
Turkey’s Biggest Mosque

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